化學(xué)類實(shí)驗(yàn)室一般需要用到各類化學(xué)試劑，除供日常使用外，還需要儲(chǔ)存一定量的化學(xué)試劑。大部分化學(xué)試劑都具有一定的毒性，有的是易燃、易爆危險(xiǎn)品，因此，了解一般化學(xué)藥品的性質(zhì)及保管方法尤為重要。較大量的化學(xué)藥品應(yīng)放在樣品儲(chǔ)藏室中，由專人保管。危險(xiǎn)品應(yīng)按照國家安全部門的管理規(guī)定儲(chǔ)存。

　　Chemical laboratories generally require the use of various chemical reagents. In addition to daily use, they also need to store a certain amount of chemical reagents. Most chemical reagents have a certain degree of toxicity, and some are flammable and explosive dangerous goods. Therefore, it is particularly important to understand the properties and storage methods of general chemical drugs. A larger amount of chemical drugs should be stored in the sample storage room and kept by a dedicated person. Dangerous goods should be stored in accordance with the management regulations of the national security department.

　　首先要記得：隔離存放！

　　Firstly, remember to store in isolation!

　　易燃類、劇毒類、強(qiáng)腐蝕性類、低溫貯存的等分類放置；要求化驗(yàn)及倉庫管理人員有一定的相關(guān)知識(shí)。存放于通風(fēng)、陰涼、溫度低于30℃的藥品柜中。有些藥品遇光容易分解，避光保存。固體、液體；酸、堿分別放置。

　　Classified placement of flammable, highly toxic, highly corrosive, low-temperature storage, etc; Require laboratory and warehouse management personnel to have certain relevant knowledge. Store in a ventilated, cool, and temperature below 30 ℃ medicine cabinet. Some drugs are prone to decomposition when exposed to light, so they should be stored away from light. Solid and liquid; Place acid and alkali separately.

　　1、保存試劑的一般要求

　　1. General requirements for storing reagents

　　①實(shí)驗(yàn)室里應(yīng)盡量不存放或少存放化學(xué)試劑，這樣既可防止試劑揮發(fā)物對(duì)實(shí)驗(yàn)室的污染，也可避免化學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)產(chǎn)生的物質(zhì)對(duì)化學(xué)試劑的影響。若條件允許，應(yīng)有室存放化學(xué)試劑；

　?、?Chemical reagents should be stored as little or as little as possible in the laboratory, in order to prevent contamination of the laboratory by volatile substances and to avoid the impact of substances produced in chemical experiments on chemical reagents. If conditions permit, there should be a room for storing chemical reagents;

　?、谑覂?nèi)要保持一定的溫度和濕度。要避免強(qiáng)光照射，要有良好的排風(fēng)設(shè)備；

　?、?Maintain a certain temperature and humidity indoors. To avoid strong light exposure, it is necessary to have good ventilation equipment;

　　③化學(xué)試劑要放置在能防塵、防止各種蒸氣或氣體玷污和侵蝕的專用玻璃試劑柜里。要按試劑的性質(zhì)分類存放；

　?、?Chemical reagents should be placed in specialized glass reagent cabinets that can prevent dust, various vapors or gases from contaminating and corroding. Classify and store reagents according to their properties;

　?、軐?duì)存放的試劑要經(jīng)常檢查瓶上的標(biāo)簽是否完好，字跡是否清楚。如有脫落或模糊，應(yīng)及時(shí)更換；

　?、?Regularly check the labels on the stored reagents to ensure they are intact and the handwriting is clear. If there is detachment or blurring, it should be replaced in a timely manner;

　　⑤室內(nèi)應(yīng)備齊防火器材和沙箱。

　　⑤ Fire prevention equipment and sandboxes should be prepared indoors.

　　2、各種特殊試劑的存放要求及注意事項(xiàng)

　　2. Storage requirements and precautions for various special reagents

　　(1)易與空氣中成分作用的物質(zhì)：

　　(1) Substances that can easily interact with components in the air:

　?、僖着c氧氣作用的物質(zhì)：

　?、?Substances that easily interact with oxygen:

　　鈉、鉀、鈣等活潑金屬的單質(zhì)，需隔絕空氣保存，一般保存在煤油或石蠟中。鋰應(yīng)保存在石蠟油里。

　　Simple elements of active metals such as sodium, potassium, and calcium need to be isolated from air and stored in kerosene or paraffin. Lithium should be stored in paraffin oil.

　　白磷需保存在水中。鐵粉、亞鐵鹽、亞錫鹽、亞硫酸及其鹽、氫硫酸及其鹽、硫代硫酸鈉、苯酚等應(yīng)密閉保存。

　　White phosphorus needs to be stored in water. Iron powder, ferrous salts, stannous salts, sulfite and its salts, hydrogen sulfate and its salts, sodium thiosulfate, phenol, etc. should be stored in a sealed container.

　?、谝着c水作用的物質(zhì)：

　?、?Substances that easily interact with water:

　　鈉、鉀、鈣應(yīng)保存在煤油中。電石、生石灰、無水硫酸銅、氧化鈉、過氧化鈉、氮化鎂、硫化鋁等物質(zhì)能與水發(fā)生反應(yīng)，應(yīng)密封保存。濃硫酸、氫氧化鈉固體、氯化鈣、氯化鎂、四氯化錫、五氧化二磷、堿石灰、硅膠、濃磷酸等物質(zhì)易于吸水或發(fā)生潮解，應(yīng)密封保存。

　　Sodium, potassium, and calcium should be stored in kerosene. Calcium carbide, quicklime, anhydrous copper sulfate, sodium oxide, sodium peroxide, magnesium nitride, aluminum sulfide and other substances can react with water and should be sealed and stored. Substances such as concentrated sulfuric acid, solid sodium hydroxide, calcium chloride, magnesium chloride, tin tetrachloride, phosphorus pentoxide, alkali lime, silica gel, concentrated phosphoric acid, etc. are prone to water absorption or deliquescence and should be sealed for storage.

　?、垡着c二氧化碳作用的物質(zhì):

　?、?Substances that are prone to react with carbon dioxide:

　　堿類物質(zhì)(如，氫氧化鈉、氫氧化鈣等)、弱酸鹽類物質(zhì)(如，硅酸鈉、漂白粉等)、過氧化鈉、堿石灰等物質(zhì)應(yīng)密封保存。

　　Alkaline substances (such as sodium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, etc.), weak acid salts (such as sodium silicate, bleach, etc.), sodium peroxide, alkali lime, and other substances should be sealed and stored.

　　(2)易分解的物質(zhì)：

　　(2) Substances that are easily decomposed:

　　濃硝酸、硝酸銀、溴化銀、碘化銀、氯水、溴水、高錳酸鉀、過氧化氫等見光易分解的物質(zhì)，應(yīng)保存在棕色瓶中，放于陰暗處。其中溴化銀、碘化銀應(yīng)放在暗室中密封保存。

　　Substances that are easily decomposed by light, such as concentrated nitric acid, silver nitrate, silver bromide, silver iodide, chlorine water, bromine water, potassium permanganate, hydrogen peroxide, etc., should be stored in brown bottles and kept in a dark place. Silver bromide and silver iodide should be sealed and stored in a dark room.

　　(3)易揮發(fā)的物質(zhì)：

　　(3) Volatile substances:

　　濃鹽酸、濃硝酸、濃氨水、一切有機(jī)溶劑等物質(zhì)，應(yīng)密封放于低溫處。液溴有毒且易揮發(fā)，需盛在磨口細(xì)口瓶里，加水密封，再塞上玻璃塞，并用蠟封好，放在陰涼處。

　　Substances such as concentrated hydrochloric acid, concentrated nitric acid, concentrated ammonia water, and all organic solvents should be sealed and stored at low temperatures. Liquid bromine is toxic and volatile. It should be stored in a ground mouthed fine mouthed bottle, sealed with water, then plugged with a glass stopper and sealed with wax. It should be kept in a cool place.

　　(4)易升華的物質(zhì)：

　　(4) Substances that are easily sublimated:

　　萘、蒽、碘等物質(zhì)易升華，應(yīng)密封保存，放于低溫處。

　　Naphthalene, anthracene, iodine and other substances are prone to sublimation and should be sealed and stored at low temperatures.

　　(5)易與玻璃作用的物質(zhì)：

　　(5) Substances that can easily interact with glass:

　　氫氧化鈉、氫氧化鉀等易于與磨口玻璃中的二氧化硅作用，能粘住玻璃塞，故要用帶膠塞的容器密閉保存。水玻璃本身有強(qiáng)烈粘玻璃的作用，故也不能用帶玻璃塞的容器保存。氫氟酸因具有強(qiáng)腐蝕性，能與玻璃中的二氧化硅反應(yīng)，因此，不能用玻璃瓶盛放，而應(yīng)用塑料瓶存放。

　　Sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, and other substances are prone to react with silica in ground glass and can adhere to glass stoppers, so they should be stored in sealed containers with rubber stoppers. Water glass itself has a strong adhesion to glass, so it cannot be stored in containers with glass stoppers. Hydrofluoric acid, due to its strong corrosiveness, can react with silicon dioxide in glass. Therefore, it cannot be stored in glass bottles, but should be stored in plastic bottles.

　　(6)易燃性物質(zhì)：

　　(6) Flammable substances:

　?、僖兹夹砸后w:

　　① Flammable liquids:

　　主要為有機(jī)溶劑，如，乙醇、乙醚、丙酮、二硫化碳、苯、甲苯、汽油等，它們極易揮發(fā)成氣體，遇明火即燃燒。因此，這些液體應(yīng)密封保存，且要單獨(dú)存放，要注意：陰涼、通風(fēng)、遠(yuǎn)離火源。

　　Mainly organic solvents such as ethanol, ether, acetone, carbon disulfide, benzene, toluene, gasoline, etc., they are highly volatile into gases and can ignite when exposed to open flames. Therefore, these liquids should be sealed and stored separately, taking care to be cool, ventilated, and away from sources of fire.

　　②易燃性固體:

　?、?Flammable solids:

　　硫黃、紅磷、鎂粉、鋁粉等物質(zhì)的著火點(diǎn)很低，存放處應(yīng)通風(fēng)、干燥。

　　The ignition point of substances such as sulfur, red phosphorus, magnesium powder, and aluminum powder is very low, and the storage area should be ventilated and dry.

　　(7)易引起中毒物質(zhì)：

　　(7) Substances that are prone to poisoning:

　　氰化物、三氧化二砷或其它砷化物、二氯化汞等，均為劇毒性試劑，侵入消化道極少量即可能引起中毒死亡；可溶性銅鹽、鋇鹽、鉛鹽、銻鹽也能引起中毒，因此，對(duì)這些試劑應(yīng)妥善保管。對(duì)劇毒性物質(zhì)應(yīng)由專人負(fù)責(zé)保管。

　　Cyanide, arsenic trioxide or other arsenides, mercuric chloride, etc. are all highly toxic reagents that can cause poisoning and death even in very small amounts when they invade the digestive tract; Soluble copper salts, barium salts, lead salts, and antimony salts can also cause poisoning, therefore, these reagents should be properly stored. Toxic substances should be managed by dedicated personnel.

　　(8)易爆炸的物質(zhì)：

　　(8) Explosive substances:

　　①遇水燃燒爆炸的物質(zhì):

　?、?Substances that ignite and explode when in contact with water:

　　鈉、鉀、鈣、電石、鋅粉等，可與水劇烈反應(yīng)，放出可燃性氣體，極易引起爆炸。因此，這些物質(zhì)在存放時(shí)應(yīng)與易燃物、強(qiáng)氧化劑等隔離且密封保存。

　　Sodium, potassium, calcium, calcium carbide, zinc powder, etc. can react violently with water, releasing flammable gases and easily causing explosions. Therefore, these substances should be isolated and sealed from flammable materials, strong oxidants, etc. during storage.

　　②因發(fā)生強(qiáng)烈氧化還原反應(yīng)而引起爆炸的物質(zhì):

　?、?Substances that cause explosions due to strong oxidation-reduction reactions:

　　過氧化物(如，過氧化氫、過氧化鈉、過氧化鋇)、強(qiáng)氧化性含氧酸(如，高氯酸)及其強(qiáng)氧化性鹽(如，硝酸鹽、氯酸鹽、重鉻酸鹽、高錳酸鹽)等強(qiáng)氧化性物質(zhì)，在受熱、受撞擊或混入還原性物質(zhì)時(shí)，就可能引起爆炸。因此，存放時(shí)一定不能與可燃物、易燃物、還原性物質(zhì)放在一起，應(yīng)存放在陰涼、通風(fēng)處。

　　Peroxides (such as hydrogen peroxide, sodium peroxide, barium peroxide), strong oxidizing oxygen-containing acids (such as perchloric acid), and their strong oxidizing salts (such as nitrate, chlorate, dichromate, permanganate) may cause explosions when heated, impacted, or mixed with reducing substances. Therefore, when storing, it must not be placed together with flammable, combustible, or reducing substances, and should be stored in a cool, ventilated place.

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