在化學(xué)的龐大物質(zhì)家族中，精萘憑借獨(dú)特的性質(zhì)與廣泛的應(yīng)用，占據(jù)著重要地位。它不僅是多種工業(yè)生產(chǎn)的關(guān)鍵原料，還悄然融入人們的日常生活。下面，讓我們一同深入了解精萘。

In the vast family of chemical substances, refined naphthalene holds an important position due to its unique properties and wide range of applications. It is not only a key raw material for various industrial productions, but also quietly integrated into people's daily lives. Now, let's delve into naphthalene together.

一、認(rèn)識(shí)精萘

1、 Get to know refined naphthalene

精萘，本質(zhì)是萘經(jīng)過(guò)進(jìn)一步提純得到的高純度萘，萘則是一種稠環(huán)芳香烴，由兩個(gè)苯環(huán)共用兩個(gè)相鄰碳原子稠合而成，純凈的精萘呈現(xiàn)為白色，狀如光亮的片狀晶體，有著獨(dú)特的煤焦油樣氣味，在常溫下便可升華，即由固態(tài)直接轉(zhuǎn)化為氣態(tài)。

Refined naphthalene is essentially a high-purity naphthalene obtained by further purification of naphthalene. Naphthalene is a condensed aromatic hydrocarbon composed of two adjacent carbon atoms shared by two benzene rings. Pure refined naphthalene appears as white, shiny plate-like crystals with a unique coal tar like odor. It can sublime at room temperature, directly transforming from solid to gas.

二、理化性質(zhì)

2、 Physical and chemical properties

物理性質(zhì)

physical property

精萘的熔點(diǎn)約為 80.2℃，沸點(diǎn) 218℃ ，密度 1.162g/cm  。它難溶于水，卻易溶于乙醇、乙醚、苯等有機(jī)溶劑。憑借常溫升華的特性，精萘能在不經(jīng)過(guò)液態(tài)階段的情況下，直接變?yōu)闅怏w，這一特性使其在衛(wèi)生球等產(chǎn)品中得到廣泛應(yīng)用。

The melting point of refined naphthalene is about 80.2 ℃, the boiling point is 218 ℃, and the density is 1.162g/cm. It is difficult to dissolve in water, but easily soluble in organic solvents such as ethanol, ether, and benzene. With the characteristic of sublimation at room temperature, refined naphthalene can be directly converted into gas without going through the liquid stage, which makes it widely used in products such as sanitary balls.

化學(xué)性質(zhì)

chemical property

精萘化學(xué)性質(zhì)較為活潑，屬于易燃物質(zhì)，遇明火、高熱極易燃燒，在空氣中的爆炸極限為 0.9% - 5.9%（體積）。由于其分子結(jié)構(gòu)中存在共軛雙鍵，能發(fā)生多種化學(xué)反應(yīng)，如氧化反應(yīng)生成鄰苯二甲酸酐，這是合成塑料、樹(shù)脂和染料的重要中間體；與硝酸、硫酸等發(fā)生取代反應(yīng)，生成多種硝基萘和磺酸萘衍生物，這些衍生物在醫(yī)藥、農(nóng)藥領(lǐng)域發(fā)揮著重要作用。

Naphthalene has relatively active chemical properties and is a flammable substance. It is highly flammable when exposed to open flames and high heat, with an explosive limit of 0.9% -5.9% (volume) in air. Due to the presence of conjugated double bonds in its molecular structure, various chemical reactions can occur, such as oxidation reactions to generate phthalic anhydride, which is an important intermediate for the synthesis of plastics, resins, and dyes; It undergoes substitution reactions with nitric acid, sulfuric acid, etc., generating various nitronaphthalene and sulfonic naphthalene derivatives, which play important roles in the fields of medicine and pesticides.

三、制備方法

3、 Preparation method

從煤焦油中提取

Extracting from coal tar

煤焦油是煤炭干餾過(guò)程中產(chǎn)生的一種黑色黏稠液體，萘是其重要組成部分。首先對(duì)煤焦油進(jìn)行蒸餾，切取沸點(diǎn)在 210 - 230℃的餾分，得到粗萘。接著，通過(guò)酸洗、堿洗等精制工序去除雜質(zhì)，再采用結(jié)晶、升華等方法進(jìn)一步提純，最終得到精萘。

Coal tar is a black viscous liquid produced during the dry distillation process of coal, and naphthalene is an important component of it. Firstly, distill the coal tar and extract the fraction with a boiling point between 210-230 ℃ to obtain crude naphthalene. Next, impurities are removed through refining processes such as acid washing and alkali washing, and then further purified by crystallization, sublimation, and other methods to ultimately obtain refined naphthalene.

石油化工合成

Petrochemical synthesis

在石油化工領(lǐng)域，以石油裂解產(chǎn)物中的乙烯、丁二烯等為原料，通過(guò)一系列復(fù)雜的催化反應(yīng)和分離過(guò)程，也能合成萘，再經(jīng)過(guò)提純獲取精萘。相較于從煤焦油中提取，石油化工合成法生產(chǎn)的精萘純度更高，質(zhì)量更穩(wěn)定。

In the field of petrochemicals, naphthalene can also be synthesized from ethylene, butadiene and other raw materials in petroleum cracking products through a series of complex catalytic reactions and separation processes, and then purified to obtain refined naphthalene. Compared to extracting from coal tar, refined naphthalene produced by petrochemical synthesis method has higher purity and more stable quality.

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